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A society defined by land ownership and rural labor.

Many of his papers on "Social Mobility in Spain" are hosted here for academic use. estratificacion social miguel requena pdf install

The current era defined by the "service-class," technical experts, and a precarious "underclass." A society defined by land ownership and rural labor

Requena distinguishes between (the total number of people moving between classes due to economic shifts) and relative mobility (the actual "fluidity" or chance a person has to change their status regardless of economic growth). His findings often show that while many Spaniards are "better off" than their parents (absolute), the competitive advantage of the elite remains unchanged (relative). The Role of Education His findings often show that while many Spaniards

Unlike some optimists, Requena views education as both a ladder and a gatekeeper. He explores how the "massification" of university education has led to , where a degree is no longer a guarantee of elite status but merely a prerequisite for avoiding the lowest tiers of labor. The Family Unit